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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevity.

Keisuke Yaku1, Keisuke Okabe2, Takashi Nakagawa3

  • 1Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.

Ageing Research Reviews
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels decline with age, impacting health. Maintaining NAD metabolism through precursors shows promise for healthy aging and longevity.

Keywords:
AgingAging-associated diseaseLongevityNADNamptNmnat

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Gerontology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a vital co-factor for cellular processes like metabolism, DNA repair, and protein modification.
  • NAD levels naturally decrease with aging, linked to age-related diseases such as metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the enzymatic functions in NAD synthesis and degradation.
  • To explore the impact of NAD metabolism dysregulation on aging processes.
  • To highlight NAD metabolism's role in organismal longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on NAD metabolism, aging, and longevity.
  • Analysis of enzyme functions in NAD synthesis and breakdown pathways.
  • Examination of genetic and nutritional interventions affecting NAD levels.

Main Results:

  • NAD metabolism is crucial for maintaining physiological balance and preventing age-associated diseases.
  • Upregulating NAD metabolism, via precursors, can counteract age-related decline and confer health benefits.
  • Activation of NAD metabolism has been shown to extend lifespan across various organisms.

Conclusions:

  • NAD metabolism is a key determinant of aging and longevity.
  • Further research is needed to overcome obstacles in understanding and manipulating NAD metabolism for healthspan extension.