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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Orbital cysticercosis.

Ritika Mukhija¹, Divya Agarwal¹, Amar Pujari¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

BMJ Case Reports

|June 10, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Orbital cysticercosis, a parasitic eye infection, can present atypically. Early medical management with albendazole and steroids can lead to optimal outcomes in these rare cases.

Keywords:

medical education medical management ophthalmology

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Published on: October 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Infectious Diseases
Parasitology

Background:

Orbital cysticercosis is a rare parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium.
It typically presents with proptosis, diplopia, and decreased vision, but atypical presentations can occur.

Observation:

A young male presented with acute onset of eye pain, redness, double vision, and a head turn.
Ocular examination revealed restricted extraocular movements and retinal folds in the left eye.
Initial orbital imaging (ultrasound and CT) was inconclusive.

Findings:

Serological tests suggested an infectious etiology.
Given the patient's location and inconclusive imaging, orbital cysticercosis was diagnosed despite the atypical presentation.
Medical management involved oral albendazole and corticosteroids for six weeks.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering orbital cysticercosis in endemic areas, even with unusual symptoms.
Atypical presentations necessitate a high index of suspicion and prompt diagnostic workup.
Successful medical management underscores the efficacy of antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory treatment for this condition.