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Related Concept Videos

Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
421
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

379
When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
379
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

498
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
498
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

37.3K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
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Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

425
A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...
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Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load01:23

Behavior of Concrete Under Compressive Load

643
Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
As the concrete specimen fractures under...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Step adaptive fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm for compressively sampled MR imaging reconstruction.

Wei Wang1, Ning Cao2

  • 1School of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|June 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new adaptive algorithm, SAFISTA, accelerates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reconstruction. This method dynamically adjusts iteration steps, improving efficiency and image quality compared to traditional techniques.

Keywords:
Compressed sensingIterative shrinkage thresholdingMagnetic resonance imaging reconstructionStep adaptive iteration

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Signal Processing
  • Computational Science

Background:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning speed is crucial for clinical applications.
  • Compressed Sensing (CS) offers a promising approach for accelerating MRI acquisition.
  • Existing CS-based reconstruction algorithms like Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (STA) face limitations in convergence speed due to fixed iteration step sizes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel, efficient algorithm for accelerating MRI reconstruction.
  • To enhance the convergence speed and overall performance of CS-based MRI reconstruction.
  • To address the limitations of fixed iteration step sizes in traditional STA.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Step Adaptive Fast Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (SAFISTA) for MRI reconstruction.
  • Dynamic adjustment of iteration step size using a feedback mechanism based on Total Variations (TV) of previous iterations.
  • Comparative evaluation against Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (ISTA), Fast Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (FISTA), and Generalized Thresholding Iterative Algorithm (GTIA).

Main Results:

  • SAFISTA demonstrated superior reconstruction performance across various MR image types (head, blood vessels, knee) and undersampling ratios.
  • Quantitative improvements were observed in Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM).
  • The adaptive step size mechanism effectively improved iteration efficiency and reduced reconstruction artifacts.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed SAFISTA algorithm significantly enhances MRI reconstruction efficiency and accuracy.
  • Dynamic step size adaptation is a key factor in improving iterative reconstruction algorithms.
  • SAFISTA offers a more effective solution for fast MRI compared to existing methods, promising faster and higher-quality scans.