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Related Concept Videos

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Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
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Inter-cortical modulation from premotor to motor plasticity.

Ying-Zu Huang1,2, Rou-Shayn Chen1, Po-Yu Fong1

  • 1Neuroscience Research Center, Healthy Ageing Research Center, and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.

The Journal of Physiology
|June 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Suppressing the premotor cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation alters motor plasticity and impairs motor learning. This suggests the premotor cortex regulates motor plasticity through metaplasticity, impacting task acquisition.

Keywords:
motor practiceplasticitytheta burst stimulation (TBS)transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Brain Plasticity

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity is crucial for daily functions, but its abnormalities can be detrimental.
  • While primary motor cortex (M1) plasticity is influenced by its own state, the impact of other brain regions remains less understood.
  • Understanding inter-regional interactions is key to comprehending brain network coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how suppressing the premotor cortex affects primary motor cortex (M1) plasticity.
  • To determine the consequences of modulated M1 plasticity on motor task learning.
  • To explore the role of heterosynaptic metaplasticity in coordinating brain areas for motor function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the theta burst form to suppress premotor cortex excitability.
  • Assessed M1 plasticity at 30 and 120 minutes post-stimulation.
  • Evaluated motor learning of a simple motor task following premotor cortex suppression.

Main Results:

  • Suppression of premotor cortex significantly modulated M1 plasticity, causing it to distort and disappear over time.
  • These alterations in motor plasticity were correlated with impaired performance in a simple motor learning task.
  • Demonstrated a functional link between premotor cortex activity, M1 plasticity, and motor learning.

Conclusions:

  • The premotor cortex plays a role in modulating M1 plasticity, potentially via heterosynaptic metaplasticity.
  • This modulation by the premotor cortex influences the learning of simple motor tasks.
  • Findings offer insights into brain network coordination and suggest potential therapeutic targets for disorders involving aberrant plasticity.