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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

891
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

12.5K
Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

30.1K

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

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Advances in rectal drug delivery systems.

Trusha J Purohit1, Sara M Hanning1, Zimei Wu1

  • 1a School of Pharmacy , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.

Pharmaceutical Development and Technology
|June 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Rectal drug delivery offers an alternative route for patients unable to swallow. Novel rectal systems enhance drug absorption into the bloodstream for local or systemic effects.

Keywords:
Rectal drug deliverydouble reversible thermo-responsivehollow-type suppositoryliquid suppositorynanoparticlesrectal gel

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

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Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
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Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Rectal drug administration is a viable alternative to oral routes, especially for patients with swallowing difficulties.
  • Traditional rectal dosage forms primarily target local conditions like hemorrhoids and constipation.
  • Emerging rectal delivery systems aim for systemic drug absorption by leveraging porto-systemic shunting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in rectal drug delivery systems from 1969 to 2017.
  • To highlight novel formulations and their potential for systemic drug delivery.
  • To discuss in vitro-in vivo evaluation methods for rectal delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published between 1969 and 2017.
  • Keyword searches conducted in Scopus and Medline databases.
  • Analysis of novel rectal delivery systems and evaluation methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Novel rectal systems include hollow suppositories, thermo-responsive and muco-adhesive liquid suppositories, and nanoparticulate formulations.
  • These advanced systems provide enhanced control over drug release for targeted local or systemic action.
  • Appropriate in vitro-in vivo evaluation methods are crucial for assessing rectal drug delivery system performance.

Conclusions:

  • Rectal drug delivery systems have evolved significantly beyond traditional uses.
  • Novel formulations offer improved systemic drug absorption and therapeutic control.
  • Further research in rectal drug delivery holds potential for unlocking new therapeutic applications.