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Related Concept Videos

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is...
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Tumor Progression02:07

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

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Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
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Current Progress in Electrotransfection as a Nonviral Method for Gene Delivery.

Lisa D Cervia1, Fan Yuan1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|June 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Electrotransfection (ET) effectively delivers molecules into cells for cancer therapy. Recent findings suggest endocytosis, not just pores, is key to DNA uptake, improving gene therapy strategies.

Keywords:
electrogene transferelectroporationelectrotransfectiongene electroinjectionnonviral gene delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Electrotransfection (ET) is a nonviral gene delivery method used in nearly 90 clinical trials, with half focused on cancer treatment.
  • ET is promising for cancer immunotherapy, enhancing immune responses when combined with plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding therapeutic genes.
  • ET offers advantages like low cost, flexibility, safety, and delivery of naked pDNA without chemicals or viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying electrotransfection (ET).
  • To discuss recent discoveries regarding cellular uptake and intracellular transport of electrotransfected pDNA.
  • To identify future research directions for improving ET efficiency in gene delivery, particularly for tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on electrotransfection mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies investigating cellular uptake pathways of plasmid DNA (pDNA).
  • Discussion of emerging evidence for endocytosis in ET.

Main Results:

  • Traditional view of ET involving pore formation is being challenged.
  • Endocytosis is increasingly recognized as a significant pathway for pDNA uptake and transport after ET.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing ET efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The biological mechanisms of ET, particularly pDNA transport, are not fully understood.
  • Endocytosis plays a critical role in cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of pDNA during ET.
  • Further research into ET mechanisms is essential for developing improved gene delivery strategies for cancer therapy.