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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solvent-Dependent Light-Induced Structures in Gem-Dichlorocyclopropanated Polybutadiene Solutions.

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|June 12, 2018
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Red laser illumination forms permanent structures in polybutadiene solutions. The chemical environment significantly impacts pattern formation, with gem-dichlorocyclopropanated polybutadiene (gDCC-PB) altering light-induced patterning in different solvents.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Polydiene solutions can form permanent structures under laser illumination.
  • Gem-dichlorocyclopropanated polybutadiene (gDCC-PB) is a functionalized polymer with potential photoresponsive properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of permanent structures in transparent polydiene solutions upon red laser illumination.
  • To understand the influence of chemical environment and polymer functionalization on light-induced patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of gem-dichlorocyclopropanated polybutadiene (gDCC-PB) with 15% functional units.
  • Observation of light-induced structure formation in gDCC-PB and precursor polybutadiene (PB) solutions in cyclohexane and chloroform.
  • Spectroscopic analysis (NMR) to detect gDCC activation.
  • Addition of gDCC-PB to PB/chloroform solutions to observe its effect on patterning.

Main Results:

  • Light-induced fiber-like patterns were observed in precursor PB and gDCC-PB in cyclohexane, but not in gDCC-PB/chloroform.
  • Precursor PB in chloroform showed patterns, while gDCC-PB/chloroform did not.
  • Addition of 10 wt% gDCC-PB suppressed light-induced patterning in PB/chloroform solutions.
  • NMR spectroscopy did not detect gDCC activation under the experimental conditions.
  • Solvent and comonomer effects on patterning were significant and not explained by solvency or optical polarizability differences.

Conclusions:

  • The chemical environment plays a crucial role in light-induced permanent structure formation in polydiene solutions.
  • Gem-dichlorocyclopropanation significantly alters the photoresponsive behavior of polybutadiene.
  • The observed effects are mediated by solvent and comonomer interactions, independent of simple solvency or optical properties.