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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
16.2K
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery
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Published on: September 19, 2016

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Anatomic Basis for Minimally Invasive Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer in Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture.

Choon Chiet Hong1, Wei Ting Lee2, Diarmuid Paul Murphy3

  • 1Senior Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore.

The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
|June 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study measured the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon length in cadavers. The short-harvest technique provides sufficient FHL tendon graft length for calcaneal fixation in Achilles tendon ruptures.

Keywords:
FHL transfershort harvesttendon graft lengthtendon graft-to-tunnel length ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Chronic Achilles tendon ruptures often require tendon transfer procedures.
  • The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon is a common autograft choice.
  • Optimal graft length and fixation are crucial for successful FHL tendon transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon length.
  • To determine the graft-to-tunnel length ratio for FHL short-harvest technique with interference screw fixation.
  • To assess the adequacy of graft length for calcaneal fixation.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric study using ten fresh-frozen paired specimens.
  • Measurement of osseous tunnel length in the calcaneus.
  • Measurement of FHL tendon length traversing the tunnel in neutral and plantarflexed ankle positions.

Main Results:

  • Mean osseous tunnel length was 42.7 mm.
  • Mean FHL tendon length in neutral and plantarflexed positions was 31 mm and 38.8 mm, respectively.
  • Graft-to-tunnel ratios were 0.727 (neutral) and 0.91 (plantarflexed), indicating sufficient graft length.

Conclusions:

  • The FHL short-harvest technique consistently provides adequate graft length (>70%) within the osseous tunnel.
  • This technique ensures sufficient tendon length for FHL tendon transfer to the calcaneus.
  • The findings support the use of the FHL short-harvest technique for chronic Achilles tendon rupture repair.