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Related Concept Videos

Underflow Gates01:30

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Gate-tunable frequency combs in graphene-nitride microresonators.

Baicheng Yao1,2,3, Shu-Wei Huang4,5, Yuan Liu6,7

  • 1Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. yaobaicheng@uestc.edu.cn.

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|June 13, 2018
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Summary

Researchers demonstrate electrically tunable graphene-based optical frequency combs. This breakthrough enables diverse comb outputs in a single microcavity, paving the way for advanced optoelectronics and ultrafast optics.

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Information

Background:

  • Optical frequency combs are crucial for metrology, spectroscopy, and quantum information.
  • Chip-scale combs offer miniaturization but lack electric field tunability for chromatic dispersion.
  • Graphene's gate-tunable optical conductivity presents opportunities for optoelectronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate electrically tunable optical frequency combs using graphene.
  • To integrate graphene's tunable conductivity with silicon nitride microresonators.
  • To achieve dynamic control over comb formation and soliton states.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling gate-tunable graphene conductivity to a silicon nitride photonic microresonator.
  • Utilizing a dual-layer ion-gel-gated transistor to tune graphene's Fermi level (0.45-0.65 eV).
  • Preserving high cavity quality factors (up to 10^6) in the graphene-microcavity system.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated charge-tunable primary comb lines from 2.3 to 7.2 THz.
  • Achieved controllable Cherenkov radiation and soliton states within a single microcavity.
  • Observed voltage-tunable transitions between periodic and defected soliton crystals.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene microcavities enable unprecedented electrical tunability of optical frequency combs.
  • This heterogeneous integration advances ultrafast optics and optoelectronics.
  • The technology offers a versatile platform for dynamical frequency comb generation and control.