Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

125.2K
The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
125.2K
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

5.3K
Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
5.3K
Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

59.9K
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
59.9K
Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

32.8K
Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
32.8K
Relationship Formation02:12

Relationship Formation

46.2K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.2K
Ending Relationships01:28

Ending Relationships

196
The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
196

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A meta-analysis of cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorder: Treatment effects by comparator type and consumption and psychosocial outcomes.

Behaviour research and therapy·2026
Same author

Examining the Impact of Trial Length on Detecting Medication Effects for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Meta-Regression Study.

Alcohol, clinical & experimental research·2026
Same author

Missing Data Sensitivity Analyses for Alcohol Research.

Alcohol, clinical & experimental research·2026
Same author

A Scoping Review of Preclinical Paradigms for Clinically Tested Medications in Alcohol Use Disorder.

Alcohol, clinical & experimental research·2026
Same author

Medication effects on cue-induced craving in the human laboratory are associated with return to heavy drinking in randomized clinical trials for alcohol use disorder: A follow-up meta-analysis.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2026
Same author

Sleep disturbance is associated with greater subjective and neural negative emotionality in people with alcohol use disorder.

Drug and alcohol dependence·2026
Same journal

Substance use outcomes in first- and second- generation of immigrants: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
Same journal

Multiple substance use by HIV status among United States adults, 2021-2024.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
Same journal

Exposure to disaster information on social media, depressive symptoms, and alcohol and cannabis use in the aftermath of two natural disasters.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
Same journal

A randomized double-blind sham-controlled preliminary study of a 5-week protocol of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for gambling disorder in Indonesia.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
Same journal

Motivational pathways to problematic pornography use: A self-determination theory perspective.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
Same journal

Cue-induced inhibitory control in forensic patients with alcohol use disorder: A link to criminal recidivism risk assessed by factor 2 psychopathy.

Addictive behaviors reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
10:46

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

11.8K

Relationship between tonic and phasic craving for alcohol.

Emily E Hartwell1, Lara A Ray1,2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.

Addictive Behaviors Reports
|June 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored alcohol craving measures, finding the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) predicts craving during alcohol intake, while the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) generally captures craving increases.

Keywords:
AlcoholAssessmentCraving

More Related Videos

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats
12:44

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

13.8K
A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
04:11

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

17.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
10:46

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

11.8K
A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats
12:44

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

13.8K
A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
04:11

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

17.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Existing measures for alcohol craving are used interchangeably, with limited understanding of tonic vs. phasic craving relationships.
  • This study addresses the gap in knowledge regarding the association between sustained (tonic) and provoked (phasic) alcohol craving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between tonic alcohol craving levels and phasic alcohol craving provoked by alcohol administration.
  • To differentiate the utility of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) in assessing alcohol craving.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-three non-treatment seeking problem drinkers participated in laboratory sessions involving intravenous alcohol or saline placebo administration.
  • Tonic craving was measured using the PACS and OCDS during an initial interview.
  • Phasic craving was assessed at baseline and at three breath alcohol concentrations (0.02-0.06 g/dL) during the laboratory sessions.

Main Results:

  • The PACS significantly predicted phasic craving across both saline and alcohol administration conditions.
  • The OCDS predicted phasic craving during alcohol administration (p=0.058), with its obsessive subscale being a significant predictor (p=0.01).
  • The compulsive subscale of the OCDS did not significantly predict phasic craving.

Conclusions:

  • Tonic craving measured by the OCDS specifically predicted phasic craving during alcohol administration.
  • The PACS broadly captured increases in phasic craving.
  • These findings suggest distinct functions for the PACS and OCDS in assessing alcohol craving experiences, with implications for alcoholism research.