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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Managing Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment Initiation, Modification, and Sequencing.

Mark S Freedman1, Daniel Selchen2, Alexandre Prat3

  • 11Division of Neurology,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute,Ottawa,ON,Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|June 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Choosing the right multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments and sequencing them is crucial for optimal disease management. This review examines how current MS therapies impact future treatment options and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Long-term outcomeMultiple sclerosisRelapsing remitting

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) management has evolved with new therapies.
  • Selecting appropriate treatments and sequencing them poses challenges.
  • Balancing current efficacy with future therapeutic options is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of current MS therapies on future treatment choices.
  • To provide guidance on sequencing therapeutic approaches in MS.
  • To incorporate patient preferences for optimal short- and long-term outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of available evidence on MS therapies.
  • Analysis of treatment sequencing strategies.
  • Development of a scheme for switching or escalating therapy based on disease activity.

Main Results:

  • Current MS therapies can influence future treatment options.
  • Disease activity is a key factor in therapy sequencing decisions.
  • A structured approach to sequencing can optimize MS management.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic sequencing of MS therapies is vital for sustained disease control.
  • Consideration of safety profiles and future options is paramount.
  • Personalized therapeutic plans enhance patient outcomes in multiple sclerosis.