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Related Concept Videos

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Gene Therapy00:59

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Second Order systems II01:18

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Related Experiment Video

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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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New developments in systemic therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer.

Chigusa Morizane1, Makoto Ueno2, Masafumi Ikeda3

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Advanced biliary tract cancers have poor prognoses. Gemcitabine plus cisplatin is standard first-line chemotherapy, with gemcitabine plus S-1 showing non-inferiority. Precision medicine and immunotherapy show future promise for these challenging cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Biliary tract cancers (BTC) often present at advanced stages with poor prognoses.
  • Current chemotherapy regimens for advanced BTC are limited and development remains unsatisfactory.
  • Gemcitabine plus cisplatin is the established first-line standard, but novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of chemotherapy and targeted therapies for advanced biliary tract cancer.
  • To highlight the potential of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and precision medicine in identifying actionable targets.
  • To discuss the emerging role of immunotherapy in the treatment of biliary tract cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of Phase III clinical trials (e.g., ABC-02, FUGA-BT) for first-line chemotherapy in advanced BTC.
  • Analysis of published data on targeted therapy trials with agents like erlotinib, bevacizumab, and sorafenib.
  • Examination of recent findings from next-generation sequencing studies identifying common genetic alterations in BTC.
  • Overview of ongoing clinical trials investigating immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Gemcitabine plus cisplatin is the standard first-line chemotherapy for advanced BTC.
  • Gemcitabine plus S-1 has demonstrated non-inferiority to gemcitabine plus cisplatin.
  • Numerous targeted agents have failed to show significant efficacy in clinical trials.
  • NGS has identified frequent actionable targets including FGFR2 fusions, IDH1/2 mutations, and others.
  • Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in BTC is still under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy remains the cornerstone for advanced BTC, with S-1 as a viable alternative.
  • Precision medicine approaches utilizing NGS to target specific genetic alterations hold significant promise for future treatment strategies.
  • Further research into targeted therapies and immunotherapies is crucial for improving outcomes in advanced biliary tract cancer.