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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

A Novel Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Juvenile Rats
Published on: December 8, 2014
Is balance performance reduced after mild traumatic brain injury?: Interim analysis from chronic effects of
William C Walker1,2, Kayla J Nowak3, Kimbra Kenney4
1a Dept. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
Objectives:
Determine if mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history is associated with balance disturbances.
Setting:
Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC) centres.
Participants:
The CENC multi-centre study enrols post-9/11 era Service Members and Veterans with combat exposure. This sample (n = 322) consisted of enrolees completing initial evaluation by September 2016 at the three sites conducting computerized dynamic post-urography (CDP) testing.
Design:
Observational study with cross-sectional analyses using structural equation modelling.
Main Measures:
Comprehensive structured interviews were used to diagnose all lifetime mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs). The outcome, Sensory Organization Test (SOT), was measured on CDP dual-plate force platform. Other studied variables were measured by structured interviews, record review and questionnaires.
Results:
The overall positive/negative mTBI classification did not have a significant effect on the composite equilibrium score. However, the repetitive mTBI classification showed lower scores for participants with ≥ 3 mTBI versus 1-2 lifetime mTBIs. For repetitive mTBI, pain interference acted as a mediator for the indirect effect, and a direct effect was evident on some sensory condition equilibrium scores.
Conclusion:
These findings show that repeated mTBI, partially mediated by pain, may lead to later balance disturbances among military combatants. Further study of CDP outcomes within this accruing cohort is warranted.
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