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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

Published on: May 8, 2015

Probing structural changes in single enveloped virus particles using nano-infrared spectroscopic imaging.

Sampath Gamage¹, Marquez Howard¹, Hiroki Makita²

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.

|June 13, 2018

Summary

Single virus imaging reveals how enveloped viruses like influenza fuse with host cells. This technique also tested a new antiviral compound that stops viral entry by preventing membrane disruption.

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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

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Last Updated: Feb 9, 2026

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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Published on: January 15, 2020

Area of Science:

Virology
Biophysics
Spectroscopy

Background:

Enveloped viruses, including influenza, pose significant health threats.
Viral entry into host cells critically depends on membrane fusion.
Existing fusion assays lack detail, necessitating single-particle investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate chemical and structural changes in single influenza virus particles before membrane fusion.
To explore the mechanism of an antiviral compound in inhibiting viral entry.

Main Methods:

Utilized nano-infrared spectroscopic imaging for real-space analysis of single virus particles.
Studied structural and spectroscopic alterations during environmental pH changes.
Quantified antiviral compound effectiveness against viral membrane disruption.

Main Results:

Successfully traced real-space structural and spectroscopic changes in single influenza X31 virus particles.
Demonstrated the ability of nano-infrared spectroscopy to monitor pH-induced viral alterations.
Quantified the efficacy of a novel antiviral compound in preventing viral membrane disruption.

Conclusions:

Nano-infrared spectroscopic imaging provides detailed insights into single enveloped virus fusion mechanisms.
This technique offers a novel approach to screen and develop antiviral compounds targeting viral entry.