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Related Concept Videos

Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen
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3D Printing: 3D-Printed Artificial Microfish (Adv. Mater. 30/2015).

Wei Zhu1, Jinxing Li1, Yew J Leong1

  • 1Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed 3D-printed microfish capable of swimming and remote guidance. These biocompatible micro-robots can also absorb toxins, offering potential in drug delivery and environmental cleanup.

Keywords:
3D printingdetoxificationfunctional microswimmersfunctionalized nanoparticleshydrogels

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetics and biorobotics
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • 3D printing enables the creation of complex microscale structures.
  • Biocompatible hydrogels and functional nanoparticles are key components for micro-robotics.
  • Harnessing environmental energy is crucial for autonomous micro-robot operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D printing technique for fabricating freely swimming microfish.
  • To engineer microfish with diverse designs and functional capabilities.
  • To demonstrate the potential of these microfish in applications like drug delivery and detoxification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel light-based 3D printing technique.
  • Printed biocompatible hydrogels and functional nanoparticles into biomimetic fish shapes with 1 μm feature size.
  • Incorporated toxin-absorbing nanoparticles for enhanced functionality.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated diverse designs of freely swimming microfish.
  • Demonstrated remote guidance of microfish using a magnetic field.
  • Showcased efficient detoxification capabilities through nanoparticle integration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D printing technique allows for the creation of advanced functional micro-robots.
  • These microfish can be powered by surrounding fluid energy and remotely controlled.
  • The technology holds promise for applications in targeted drug delivery and environmental remediation.