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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.4K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character02:48

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

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Bond Polarity
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.2K
Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

94.5K
Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Ter-Ionic Complex that Forms a Bond Upon Visible Light Absorption.

Sara A M Wehlin1, Ludovic Troian-Gautier1, Renato N Sampaio1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel ter-ionic complex containing a ruthenium(II) complex and two iodide ions forms a covalent iodine-iodine bond when exposed to visible light. This discovery is relevant for advancing solar fuel production technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Ruthenium(II) complexes are known for their photochemical properties.
  • Iodide ions can participate in redox reactions and influence excited-state dynamics.
  • Understanding light-induced bond formation is crucial for energy applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of a covalent I-I bond in a ter-ionic complex upon visible light excitation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of this light-induced reaction.
  • To assess the relevance of this process for solar fuel production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a tetracationic Ru(II) complex and two iodide ions in acetone solution.
  • Employed 1H NMR, visible absorption spectroscopy, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies.
  • Performed Stern-Volmer quenching experiments to analyze excited-state interactions.

Main Results:

  • A covalent I-I bond was observed upon visible light excitation.
  • Spectroscopic and DFT studies indicated distinct positions of the two iodide ions relative to the Ru center.
  • Stern-Volmer quenching showed upward curvature and saturation, consistent with a multi-step mechanism.
  • An iodine atom intermediate was formed and rapidly reacted with a ligand-associated iodide to yield I2•- within 70 ns.

Conclusions:

  • The ter-ionic complex facilitates rapid I-I bond formation via a Ru-mediated electron transfer and subsequent iodine atom reaction.
  • Supramolecular assembly of the reactant ions is key to this efficient ter-ionic reaction.
  • The findings offer insights into light-driven processes relevant to solar fuel production.