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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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At-Risk Butterfly Captive Propagation Programs to Enhance Life History Knowledge and Effective Ex Situ Conservation Techniques
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Life-History Multistability Caused by Size-Dependent Mortality.

Barbara Taborsky, Mikko Heino, Ulf Dieckmann

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Life history evolution can lead to alternative fitness optima, especially with size-dependent mortality. Rugged mortality regimes, even from few predators, can drive evolutionary multistability and prey diversification.

    Keywords:
    body size evolutionlife historymodelpredationprey diversitysize refugesize-dependent mortality

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Life history theory
    • Ecological modeling

    Background:

    • Body size significantly influences mortality risk in natural populations.
    • Size-dependent mortality can create alternative fitness optima, promoting life-history bistability.
    • Previous models focused on negative size-dependency, potentially overlooking other scenarios.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the general conditions promoting life-history bistability and multistability.
    • To investigate the role of various mortality function shapes in evolutionary outcomes.
    • To explore the impact of predator community structure on prey life-history evolution.

    Main Methods:

    • General mathematical analysis of evolutionary models.
    • Exploration of diverse mortality functions, including smooth and sharply declining forms.
    • Investigation of scenarios with single and multiple sharp drops in mortality rates.

    Main Results:

    • Alternative fitness optima can arise from any mortality function, including smoothly declining ones.
    • Life-history bistability can emerge under both negatively and positively size-dependent mortality.
    • Sharp drops in mortality with increasing size facilitate bistability, and multiple drops can lead to multistability.
    • Paradoxically, a species-poor predator community (rugged mortality) promotes multistability, while a species-rich community (smooth mortality) may inhibit it.

    Conclusions:

    • The conditions for life-history bistability are more general than previously assumed.
    • Mortality patterns, particularly sharp declines, are critical drivers of evolutionary multistability.
    • Predator community structure can profoundly influence prey life-history diversification through its impact on mortality regimes.