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Sodium Intake Pattern in West Indian Population.

Siri Nair1, Sulagna Bandyopadhyay1

  • 1Department of Foods and Nutrition, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujurat, India.

Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine
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PubMed
Summary

West Indian adults consume high sodium, exceeding WHO recommendations. This study highlights the urgent need for national salt reduction strategies in India based on dietary patterns.

Keywords:
IndiaWestsodium excretionsodium intakespot urine

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Public Health Nutrition
  • Dietary Assessment

Background:

  • High sodium intake poses a significant public health challenge globally.
  • Sodium consumption patterns in the West Indian population remain largely undocumented.
  • This study addresses the critical gap in understanding dietary sodium intake within this demographic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dietary sodium intake patterns among sedentary, healthy adults aged 35-55 years in the West Indian population.
  • To assess all potential dietary sources of sodium and utilize spot urine sodium estimation.
  • To establish a baseline for future public health interventions targeting sodium reduction.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study design was employed.
  • Data collection included 24-hour dietary recalls (3 days/week), food frequency questionnaires, and direct measurement of table and cooking salt (n=218).
  • Spot urine samples (n=33) were analyzed for sodium excretion using a flame photometer (CL 361).

Main Results:

  • Average sodium intake exceeded the World Health Organization's recommended level of <2 g/day, with the lowest quartile consuming 2.4 ± 0.5 g/day.
  • Men consumed more sodium than women (3.9 ± 0.4 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 g/day), with significant differences in sources: processed foods for men and salt for women.
  • Spot urine sodium excretion (6.1 ± 0.5 g/day) was used to estimate population-level intake, and analyzed sodium content in ready-to-eat foods was higher than reported values.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary sodium intake among the studied West Indian population surpasses safe levels, necessitating immediate public health attention.
  • Evidence-based guidelines and policy formulation are crucial for implementing a national salt reduction program in India.
  • The findings underscore the importance of monitoring and regulating sodium content in processed and ready-to-eat foods.