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Intracellular Refolding Assay
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Self-reporting and refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles.

Tobias S Fischer1,2, Sebastian Spann3,4, Qi An5

  • 1Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany .

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Researchers developed self-reporting, refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). These nanoparticles switch luminescence on/off via light-induced reactions, enabling repeated silencing and reactivation for advanced material applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) offer unique properties due to their compact, folded structures.
  • Controlling the luminescence of nanomaterials is crucial for developing advanced sensors and imaging agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create self-reporting and refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs).
  • To demonstrate a light-induced mechanism for controlling nanoparticle luminescence.
  • To investigate the reversible nature of the luminescence switching.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of SCNPs via light-induced reaction of nitroxide radicals with a photo-active crosslinker.
  • Characterization using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY).

Main Results:

  • Developed SCNPs that are profluorescent and refoldable.
  • Demonstrated light-induced quenching and restoration of luminescence by controlling nitroxide radical states.
  • Showcased reversible luminescence switching (on/off) under varying conditions, including oxidative unfolding.
  • Confirmed the self-reporting nature through multiple spectroscopic and scattering techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully engineered SCNPs with controllable, reversible luminescence.
  • The developed system acts as a self-reporting material where luminescence indicates the folded state.
  • This work opens avenues for stimuli-responsive nanomaterials with tunable optical properties.