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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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The South Asian monsoon-pollution pump and purifier.

J Lelieveld1,2, E Bourtsoukidis3, C Brühl3

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany. jos.lelieveld@mpic.de.

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Summary

The summer monsoon efficiently removes air pollution over South Asia. However, some pollutants escape, becoming processed and redistributed globally, impacting even the stratosphere.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Air pollution is rapidly increasing in South Asia, a region heavily influenced by monsoon cycles.
  • The dispersion and fate of air pollutants during the wet summer monsoon season remained poorly understood.
  • Previous understanding focused on dry winter monsoon pollutant dispersal over the Indian Ocean.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the atmospheric chemistry and fate of air pollutants during the summer monsoon outflow.
  • To understand pollutant transport mechanisms in the upper troposphere between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted in-situ atmospheric chemistry measurements using aircraft during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations (OXMO) campaign.
  • Sampled air masses in the upper troposphere representing summer monsoon outflow.
  • Utilized model calculations to support and interpret observational data.

Main Results:

  • The summer monsoon exhibits an efficient natural cleansing mechanism, rapidly oxidizing and depositing contaminants to the surface.
  • A portion of pollutants is transported above monsoon clouds, undergoing chemical processing in a reactive reservoir.
  • These processed pollutants are subsequently redistributed globally, with some reaching the stratosphere.

Conclusions:

  • The summer monsoon plays a dual role: efficient surface cleansing and potential global redistribution of processed pollutants.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for assessing the long-term impact of air pollution on regional and global scales.
  • Pollutants lofted above monsoon clouds can contribute to stratospheric pollution and long-range atmospheric transport.