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Epigenetic paternal effects as costly, condition-dependent traits.

Erin L Macartney1, Angela J Crean2,3, Russell Bonduriansky2

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Male investment in offspring quality via epigenetic factors may incur metabolic costs. This suggests that the expression of these epigenetic mechanisms could be condition-dependent, impacting paternal investment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Post-copulatory traits like ejaculate production involve metabolic costs and are condition-dependent.
  • Males can influence offspring development through epigenetic factors even without resource provisioning.
  • The costs associated with epigenetic paternal effects have not been extensively studied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that epigenetic machinery for paternal effects may evolve condition-dependent expression.
  • To explore the potential metabolic costs of epigenetic paternal effects.
  • To integrate epigenetic paternal effects into condition-dependent life history theory.

Main Methods:

  • Review of indirect evidence for metabolic costs of epigenetic paternal effects.
  • Theoretical consideration of selection pressures on condition-dependent epigenetic effects.
  • Proposal of experimental approaches to test for differential costs and condition-dependence.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic paternal effects, while not involving direct resource transfer, may impose significant metabolic costs.
  • Selection may favor condition-dependent expression of epigenetic machinery for paternal investment.
  • Condition-dependent life history theory can be expanded to include epigenetic paternal effects.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic paternal effects are likely subject to condition-dependent expression due to potential metabolic costs.
  • Understanding these costs is crucial for a comprehensive theory of paternal investment and fitness heritability.
  • Future research should focus on quantifying the costs and condition-dependence of epigenetic paternal effects.