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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Radiation Doses From the Norwegian Diet.

Mari Komperød1, Lavrans Skuterud2

  • 11The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority.

Health Physics
|June 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The average Norwegian diet results in a higher effective radiation dose (0.41 mSv/year) from natural radionuclides compared to the world average. Fish and shellfish contribute most to this dose.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Radiological Protection
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Ingestion doses vary due to dietary habits and geographic radionuclide concentrations.
  • Assessing radiation dose from diet is crucial for public health.
  • Previous assessments may not be comprehensive for the Norwegian population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the most comprehensive assessment of effective radiation dose from the Norwegian diet.
  • To differentiate between natural and anthropogenic radionuclide contributions.
  • To identify key food groups and population subgroups at higher risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized national dietary statistics for dose calculations.
  • Incorporated relevant radionuclide concentration data for food products.

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  • Calculated age-weighted average effective dose for the Norwegian population.

    • Main Results:

    • The average effective dose from natural radionuclides is 0.41 mSv/year, and from anthropogenic radionuclides is 0.010 mSv/year.
    • This dose is approximately 50% higher than the estimated world average.
    • Fish and shellfish are the primary contributors to the average dietary dose.

    Conclusions:

    • The Norwegian diet leads to a higher average effective radiation dose compared to global estimates.
    • While average anthropogenic doses are low, critical groups like reindeer meat consumers and individuals with high radon in drinking water face significant exposure.
    • Dietary radionuclide intake requires ongoing monitoring for public health protection.