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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Self-Locking Screw

Self-Locking Screw

A square-threaded screw jack is a mechanical device widely used for lifting heavy loads or applying considerable force. One of the key features that can make a screw jack more effective and reliable is its self-locking capability.
A square-threaded screw jack carrying a load is considered self-locking if the screw retains its position even after the moment applied to it is removed.

What is a Mode?

What is a Mode?

The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...

The Dot Product

The Dot Product

Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...

Dot Product

Dot Product

The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

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Mode locking in a tapered two-section quantum dot laser: design and experiment.

P Bardella, L Drzewietzki, M Krakowski

|June 16, 2018

Summary

This study numerically predicts and experimentally verifies stable, high-power picosecond pulse generation from quantum dot lasers. Understanding bias conditions helps avoid detrimental pulse train instabilities for time-critical applications.

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Semiconductor Lasers
Quantum Dot Devices

Background:

Quantum dot lasers offer unique properties for advanced photonic applications.
Achieving high-power, stable mode-locked pulses is crucial for demanding applications.
Understanding laser dynamics and stability regions is essential for device design.

Purpose of the Study:

To numerically predict and experimentally verify pulse generation and stability in a tapered two-section InAs/InGaAs quantum dot laser.
To design a laser source capable of generating stable mode-locked pulses at 15 GHz with picosecond width and >1 W output power.
To identify device stability regions based on bias conditions and understand potential instabilities.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulations using a multi-section delayed differential equation model.
Experimental verification of predicted laser performance and stability.
Analysis of pulse train characteristics and amplitude modulations under varying bias conditions.

Main Results:

Successful design and verification of a quantum dot laser generating stable mode-locked pulses (>1 W, picosecond width, 15 GHz).
Identification of distinct stability regions and associated pulse train instabilities (broadband or multi-periodic amplitude modulations).
Correlation of instabilities with net gain window characteristics outside the optical pulse.

Conclusions:

The numerical model accurately predicts laser performance and aids in designing stable, high-power quantum dot lasers.
Understanding bias-dependent stability regions is key to avoiding detrimental pulse train instabilities.
Results are valuable for developing reliable pulsed laser sources for time-critical applications.