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Related Concept Videos

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Cytokine release syndrome.

Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen1,2,3,4, Philipp Gödel5,6,7, Marion Subklewe8,9,10,11

  • 1Cologne Interventional Immunology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. shima@uk-koeln.de.

Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer
|June 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapies show promise but can cause cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This review details CRS causes, symptoms, and management strategies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CAR T cellsCytokine release syndromeCytokine stormImmunotherapyT cell-engaging therapies

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has advanced significantly, with agents like immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cells demonstrating high efficacy.
  • Despite successes, severe adverse events, particularly cytokine release syndrome (CRS), are increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding CRS is crucial for managing patients undergoing these potent treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in cancer immunotherapy.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms, risk factors, clinical presentation, and prognostic indicators of CRS.
  • To offer evidence-based practical guidance for managing CRS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management of CRS.
  • Analysis of risk factors and prognostic indicators associated with CRS.
  • Synthesis of current evidence to formulate management guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of CRS pathophysiology and triggers.
  • Identification of key clinical signs and symptoms for diagnosis.
  • Discussion of differential diagnoses to distinguish CRS from other conditions.
  • Outline of prognostic factors influencing patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a significant, potentially life-threatening toxicity of modern cancer immunotherapies.
  • Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and prompt management are essential for mitigating CRS severity.
  • This review provides a framework for clinicians to effectively manage CRS, optimizing patient safety and treatment success.