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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

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Gender-Affirming Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty.

Ali Salim¹, Melissa Poh²

¹Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 1635 Divisadero Street, 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

|June 18, 2018

Summary

Gender-affirming vaginoplasty is increasingly sought due to societal acceptance and medical coverage. This review details surgical goals and focuses on the common penile inversion vaginoplasty technique for neovaginal reconstruction.

Keywords:

Gender affirmation Gender dysphoria Neovagina Penile inversion Plastic surgery Trans woman Transgender Vaginoplasty

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Medical Science
Surgical Innovation
Gender Studies

Background:

Increasing societal acceptance and insurance coverage for gender-affirming surgeries have led to a rise in patients seeking vaginoplasty.
Neovaginal reconstruction techniques have evolved significantly since their initial descriptions in the early to mid-1900s.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical overview of vaginoplasty techniques.
To define the objectives of surgical treatment within a multidisciplinary framework.
To focus on the prevalent penile inversion vaginoplasty method for primary neovaginal reconstruction.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical vaginoplasty techniques.
Analysis of current surgical standards and multidisciplinary approaches.
Focus on the penile inversion vaginoplasty procedure.

Main Results:

The article reviews the historical development of vaginoplasty.
It outlines the goals of gender-affirming surgery according to established professional standards.
The penile inversion technique is highlighted as the most common current approach.

Conclusions:

Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the most frequently utilized method for primary neovaginal reconstruction in gender affirmation.
Adherence to World Professional Association for Transgender Health standards is crucial for optimal surgical outcomes.
The evolution of surgical techniques reflects advancements in gender-affirming care.