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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Arteries, the vasculature responsible for transporting blood from the heart, possess robust walls capable of enduring the elevated pressures exerted by the heartbeat. Arteries near the heart are especially thick-walled and enriched with elastic fibers across their three tunics, classifying them as elastic or conducting arteries. These arteries, usually with a diameter exceeding 10 mm, are characterized by their ability to dilate in response to the blood pumped from the heart's ventricles...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Overview of Systemic Arteries01:11

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The human body is a complex, well-organized machine, and at the heart of its operations lies the circulatory system. This network of blood vessels, which includes systemic arteries, plays a vital role in maintaining life by transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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Arterial Stiffness in CKD: A Review.

Raymond R Townsend1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|June 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity, is linked to worse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Understanding these links may lead to new treatments to improve vascular health in CKD.

Keywords:
Arterial stiffnessChronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC)cardiovascular disease (CVD)chronic kidney disease (CKD)heart failure (HF)hypertensionkidney disease progressionmortalitypulse wave velocity (PWV)review

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Arterial stiffness is a key factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney disease progression.
  • Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) is a validated measure of arterial stiffness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of arterial stiffness and cf-PWV in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • To examine the relationship between cf-PWV and longitudinal kidney and cardiovascular outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of a decade of research from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study.
  • Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data on cf-PWV and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Arterial stiffness measures, particularly cf-PWV, are independently associated with adverse outcomes in CKD.
  • cf-PWV measurements demonstrate reproducibility and have identifiable determinants.

Conclusions:

  • Arterial stiffness is a significant contributor to understanding CVD mechanisms, kidney disease progression, and mortality in CKD.
  • Future interventions targeting vascular destiffening hold promise for improving outcomes in CKD patients.