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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Beams are integral components of structural engineering and construction, designed to support loads applied at various points along their length. These long, straight members can be classified based on geometry, cross-section, support type, and equilibrium condition.
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Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
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Prismatic Beams: Problem Solving01:15

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In the design of a supported timber beam subjected to a distributed load, both the beam's physical dimensions and the timber's characteristics, such as its grade and species, are critical. These factors determine the allowable stress values, which are crucial for calculating the necessary beam depth to ensure structural integrity and safety.
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Principal Stresses in a Beam01:11

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In prismatic beams subject to arbitrary transverse loading, It is essential to analyze the interaction between shear forces and bending moments in order to understand stress distribution and ensure structural integrity. The highest normal or bending stress occurs at the outer fibers of the beam, decreasing linearly to zero at the neutral axis. In contrast, shear stress peaks at the neutral axis and diminishes toward the outer surfaces.
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Quantification of bone microstructure in the wrist using cone-beam computed tomography.

Karen Mys1, Filip Stockmans2, Evie Vereecke2

  • 1Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Bone
|June 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an improved Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) reconstruction method for accurate in vivo bone microarchitecture assessment. The enhanced CBCT technique shows promise for diagnosing bone diseases and evaluating fracture healing.

Keywords:
Bone parametersCone-beam computed tomographyMedical imaging processingMicro-computed tomographyQuantification

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Bone diseases and fractures pose a significant socio-economic burden due to increasing life expectancy.
  • Accurate in vivo assessment of bone microstructure is crucial for enhanced diagnosis and treatment of bone conditions.
  • Current imaging techniques like microCT are ex vivo, while high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR-pQCT) has limitations in field of view and scan time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance image contrast in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for bone imaging.
  • To determine the accuracy of high-resolution CBCT for quantifying bone microarchitectural parameters.
  • To compare the performance of commercial vs. in-house developed CBCT reconstruction software.

Main Methods:

  • Nineteen female arthritic patient trapezia were scanned ex vivo using both CBCT (75 μm voxel size) and microCT (19.84 μm voxel size).
  • CBCT scans were reconstructed using commercial and in-house developed software protocols.
  • Bone morphometric parameters (BV, TV, BV/TV, BS/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.N) were calculated after segmentation using adaptive thresholding.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlations (R² > 0.68) were found between CBCT-derived and microCT-derived bone parameters.
  • The in-house developed reconstruction software demonstrated superior performance over commercial software, reducing Tb.Th overestimation from 114.24% to 59.96%.
  • Despite improvements, CBCT still showed overestimation for BV/TV and Tb.Th, and underestimation for Tb.N.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CBCT image reconstruction method significantly improved image contrast, enabling accurate quantification of trabecular bone microarchitecture.
  • High-resolution CBCT, particularly with optimized reconstruction, shows potential as a valuable tool for in vivo bone assessment.
  • Further refinement is needed to address remaining biases in specific bone morphometric parameters.