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Related Concept Videos

Electric Flux01:15

Electric Flux

10.0K
The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
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Magnetic Flux01:18

Magnetic Flux

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The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
Suppose a surface is divided into elements of area dA. For each element, the component of the magnetic field that is normal to the...
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Calculation of Electric Flux01:25

Calculation of Electric Flux

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Consider the electric field of an oppositely charged, parallel-plate system and an imaginary box between those plates. Let the bottom face of the box be ABCD, and the top face be FGHK. The electric field between the plates is uniform and points from the positive plate toward the negative plate. The calculation of this field's flux through the box's various faces shows that the net flux through the box is zero. Why does the flux cancel out here?
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Measures of Central Tendency02:16

Measures of Central Tendency

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The "center" of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the "center" of the data are the mean (average) and the median. The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean" and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians,...
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Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures03:34

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

83.5K
All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
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Measuring autophagosome flux.

Andre du Toit1, Jan-Hendrik S Hofmeyr1, Thomas J Gniadek2

  • 1a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Stellenbosch , South Africa.

Autophagy
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new live-cell imaging method to precisely measure autophagic flux, quantifying autophagosome and autolysosome dynamics for enhanced autophagy research.

Keywords:
Autophagosome fluxautophagyfluorescence microscopysteady-statetransition time

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key cellular degradation pathway involving bulk and selective cytoplasmic component removal.
  • Autophagic flux, a measure of degradation activity, is crucial for understanding autophagy, but current assessment methods have limitations in sensitivity, quantification, and dynamic reflection.
  • Existing techniques for assessing autophagic flux offer valuable insights but lack the desired sensitivity, quantitative precision, and ability to capture the pathway's dynamic nature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sensitive, quantitative, and dynamic method for measuring autophagosome flux.
  • To characterize autophagy by assessing autophagosome and autolysosome pool sizes and transition times.
  • To provide a novel approach for accurately measuring autophagic flux in cells and tissues relevant to clinical studies.

Main Methods:

  • A single-cell fluorescence live-cell imaging-based approach was developed.
  • The method treats the autophagy system as a multi-step pathway, applying principles from metabolic control analysis.
  • Autophagosome flux (J) and transition time (τ) were measured at steady state, alongside autophagosome and autolysosome pool sizes.

Main Results:

  • The developed method accurately measures autophagosome flux (J) and transition time (τ).
  • It allows for the characterization of complete autophagosome and autolysosome pool sizes.
  • The approach provides sensitive and quantitative measurements of autophagic flux dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • This novel imaging-based method offers a sensitive and quantitative way to measure autophagosome flux, pool sizes, and transition time.
  • The approach accurately reflects the dynamic nature of the autophagy pathway.
  • It has potential applications in studying autophagy in cells and tissues of clinical relevance.