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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise
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Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat.

Russ Best1,2, Stephen Payton3, Iain Spears4

  • 1School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK. Russell.Best@wintec.ac.nz.

Sports (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cooling strategies before and during endurance exercise offer small but significant performance benefits for trained athletes in hot conditions. Ingesting cooling aids proved particularly effective for improving time trial performance.

Keywords:
coolingendurance performanceenvironmenttemperaturethermal comfortthermal sensation

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Environmental Adaptation

Background:

  • Endurance exercise in hot environments poses significant physiological and performance challenges for athletes.
  • Optimizing cooling strategies is crucial for mitigating heat stress and enhancing athletic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of cooling methodologies, timing, and application on endurance exercise performance in trained athletes under hot conditions (≥28 °C).
  • To quantify the impact of different cooling strategies on physiological and perceptual responses during exercise.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search identified relevant studies investigating cooling interventions for endurance exercise performance.
  • Meta-analyses were conducted on data from 10 studies involving 101 participants and 310 observations.
  • Included studies focused on trained athletes (VO2max ≥ 55 mL·kg·min-1) and hot environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Cooling interventions applied before and during exercise demonstrated small beneficial effects on time trial performance (Effect Size: -0.44).
  • Ingesting cooling aids before and during exercise showed a particularly notable benefit (Effect Size: -0.39).
  • While other strategies improved physiological or perceptual responses, ingestion provided a practical performance advantage.

Conclusions:

  • Ingesting cooling aids before and during endurance exercise offers a small, practically significant benefit for time trial performance in hot conditions.
  • Cooling strategies are important for trained athletes competing in heat, with ingestion being a key method for performance enhancement.