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Updated: Feb 8, 2026
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Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana
Published on: January 3, 2014
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RXLR effector diversity in Phytophthora infestans isolates determines recognition by potato resistance proteins; the
Studies in Mycology
|June 19, 2018
Summary
Phytophthora infestans circumvents potato resistance by evolving effector proteins. Researchers found that the AVR1 effector
Area of Science:
- Plant pathology
- Oomycete genetics
- Molecular plant-microbe interactions
Background:
- Late blight, caused by *Phytophthora infestans*, severely limits potato production.
- *P. infestans* adapts to potato resistance by altering effector genes, such as AVR1.
- AVR1 is an RXLR effector recognized by potato R1 protein, triggering plant immunity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the molecular basis of R1-mediated recognition of the *P. infestans* effector AVR1.
- To determine how the related effector A-L evades R1 recognition.
Main Methods:
- Co-expression of *AVR1*, *A-L*, and their variants with the potato *R1* gene in *Nicotiana benthamiana*.
- Analysis of hypersensitive response (HR) induction as a measure of effector recognition.
- Construction and testing of chimeric and deletion mutants of AVR1 and A-L.
Main Results:
- AVR1 triggers HR with R1, while the homolog A-L does not.
- The T-region of AVR1 is crucial for R1 recognition, even when added to A-L.
- AVR1 lacking the T-region still elicits HR, but loses activity when C-terminal motifs are altered.
Conclusions:
- A-L evades R1 recognition due to the absence of the T-region and differences in conserved C-terminal motifs.
- Understanding these effector-resistance protein interactions is key to combating late blight in potatoes.
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