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Related Concept Videos

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

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In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
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The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
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Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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The normal, a continuous distribution, is the most important of all the distributions. Its graph is a bell-shaped symmetrical curve, which is observed in almost all disciplines. Some of these include psychology, business, economics, the sciences, nursing, and, of course, mathematics. Some instructors may use the normal distribution to help determine students’ grades. Most IQ scores are normally distributed. Often real-estate prices fit a normal distribution. The normal distribution is...
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Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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Related Experiment Video

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Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
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Normal reference ranges for aortic diameters in preterm infants.

Lulu Abushaban1,2, Thinakar Vel Mariappa1, Jebaraj Rathinasamy1

  • 1Chest Diseases Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, KuwaitaKuwait.

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study establishes normal reference ranges and Z-scores for aortic diameters in preterm infants. These findings correlate aortic measurements with body surface area, aiding in clinical assessment.

Keywords:
Aortic diametersBody surface areaPreterm infantsReference rangesZ-scores

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Cardiology
  • Pediatric Echocardiography
  • Growth and Development

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of aortic diameters is crucial for preterm infants.
  • Establishing normative data is essential for identifying potential cardiovascular abnormalities.
  • Previous studies may lack comprehensive data specific to preterm populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine normal reference ranges and Z-scores for aortic diameters in preterm infants.
  • To evaluate the correlation of aortic diameters with body surface area, body weight, and gestational age.
  • To provide a valuable reference tool for clinicians assessing preterm infants.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study included 268 preterm infants.
  • Echocardiograms measured ascending aorta, transverse aorta, and aortic isthmus diameters.
  • Measurements were taken from birth up to 36 weeks postmenstrual age, with body surface area categorized into 13 groups.

Main Results:

  • Aortic diameters showed significant correlations with body weight and body surface area.
  • Normal reference ranges and Z-scores were established based on body surface area.
  • A progressive increase in aortic diameters was observed with increasing body surface area and during the first 9 weeks of life.

Conclusions:

  • Ascending aorta, transverse aorta, and aortic isthmus diameters are significantly correlated with body surface area and weight in preterm infants.
  • The study provides essential reference data and Z-scores for these aortic segments.
  • This data serves as a normal reference tool for clinical use in preterm infant cardiology.