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Surgical simulation: Current practices and future perspectives for technical skills training.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Simulation Technology

Background:

  • Simulation-based training (SBT) is integral to modern surgical education.
  • Challenges persist in implementing evidence-based SBT programs effectively.
  • Current practices often deviate from optimal training principles, leading to underutilization of simulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future directions of SBT in surgery using Kern's framework.
  • To focus on the application of SBT for developing technical skills in operative procedures.
  • To identify barriers and opportunities for enhancing surgical SBT.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review utilizing Kern's framework for curriculum development.
  • Analysis of existing literature on simulation-based training principles and implementation in surgery.
  • Focus on technical skills acquisition in operative procedures.

Main Results:

  • Optimal SBT principles (proficiency-based, distributed, deliberate practice) are identified but not widely implemented.
  • Massed training and fixed repetition schedules are common, with simulators often underutilized.
  • SBT integration into curricula needs to encompass theoretical, technical, and non-technical skills, guided by needs assessments.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical SBT holds significant unrealized potential for improving technical skills and patient safety.
  • Future realization depends on evolving simulator technology, evidence-based program implementation, and demonstrated cost-effectiveness.
  • Adherence to evidence-based principles and robust evaluation are key to maximizing SBT's impact.