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Related Concept Videos

Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

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Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are...
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Sensory Modalities01:15

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
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NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

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The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
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The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Information processes of task-switching and modality-shifting across development.

Anna Peng1, Natasha Z Kirkham1, Denis Mareschal1

  • 1Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Plos One
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Young children

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Attentional control is crucial for cognitive flexibility.
  • Research often examines task-switching in single sensory contexts.
  • Children must also manage attention across different senses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cross-modal attentional control in children.
  • To compare 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults on a novel task.
  • To determine if young children face greater challenges shifting attention between modalities.

Main Methods:

  • A novel cross-modal task-switching paradigm was developed.
  • Participants completed multisensory detection tasks.
  • Reaction times and accuracy were measured across age groups.

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Main Results:

  • Age differences were observed in overall reaction time and accuracy.
  • Task-switching and modality-shifting costs were similar across age groups.
  • No greater attentional bottleneck was found in young children.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive operations for multisensory task configuration appear mature by ages 4-6.
  • Young children demonstrate comparable attentional flexibility to adults in cross-modal settings.
  • Developmental changes in attentional control may occur earlier than previously thought.