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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Related Experiment Video

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X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
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Structural basis for eukaryotic mRNA modification.

Andrew J Fisher1, Peter A Beal2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|June 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Internal mRNA modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and deamination are crucial for gene regulation. Understanding the structural basis of these RNA modifications and their enzyme families is key to uncovering their precise roles.

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Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes
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An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes
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An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) undergo essential 5'-capping and 3'-polyadenylation.
  • Internal chemical modifications of mRNA regulate processing, translation, stability, and recoding.
  • Two prevalent internal modifications are methylation and deamination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the structural basis for mRNA methylation and deamination.
  • To explore the structural similarities among RNA-modifying enzyme families.
  • To highlight areas requiring further research for a complete understanding of mRNA modification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA modification enzymes.
  • Analysis of structural data for RNA methyltransferases (e.g., METTL3/METTL14) and RNA deaminases (e.g., ADARs).
  • Comparison of structural features and conserved motifs within enzyme families.

Main Results:

  • RNA methyltransferases utilize S-adenosyl methionine and share a common structural core.
  • RNA deaminases bind zinc and share conserved motifs for catalysis.
  • Enzymes catalyzing methylation and deamination exhibit structural similarities to other family members.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights into RNA-modifying enzymes are advancing.
  • Further investigation is needed to fully understand the structural basis of mRNA modification.
  • Identifying factors controlling modification site specificity is a critical future direction.