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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Central to the gray matter is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

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Spinal cord stimulation: Background and clinical application.

Kaare Meier1,2,3

  • 1Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Scandinavian Journal of Pain
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) offers a surgical option for chronic neuropathic pain when other treatments fail. This review details SCS history, mechanisms, implantation, and uses for various pain conditions.

Keywords:
HistoryNeuromodulationPain reliefSCSSpinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromodulation
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a surgical intervention for chronic neuropathic pain unresponsive to conventional therapies.
  • The procedure involves implanting leads in the epidural space connected to a pulse generator, delivering electrical currents to evoke paresthesia.
  • Success rates range from 50-75% with proper patient selection and experienced implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of spinal cord stimulation (SCS).
  • To present the historical background, current theories on mechanisms of action, and implantation techniques.
  • To discuss indications, contraindications, and controversies surrounding SCS therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Topical review of existing literature.
  • Detailed description of the SCS implantation procedure with intraoperative images.
  • Discussion of clinical applications, including common indications and contraindications.

Main Results:

  • Common indications include CRPS I, angina, failed back surgery syndrome, and neuropathic pain conditions.
  • Potential complications include lead migration, breakage, infection, and dural puncture.
  • Mechanisms of action for SCS remain partially understood despite ongoing research.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal cord stimulation is a valuable treatment option for refractory chronic pain.
  • Understanding the historical context, technical aspects, and clinical evidence is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action of SCS.