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Related Concept Videos

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens
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Bacteriophages as New Human Viral Pathogens.

George Tetz1, Victor Tetz2,3

  • 1Human Microbiology Institute, 101 6th Street, New York, NY 10013, USA. g.tetz@hmi-us.com.

Microorganisms
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial viruses, known as bacteriophages, may act as human pathogens contributing to diseases like neurodegenerative and autoimmune conditions. Further research is needed to explore phages as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseasePAMPsParkinson’s diseaseautoimmunebacteriophagemicrobiotamicrobiota diseaseneurodegenerationphagobiomephagobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Gut microbiota alterations are linked to numerous human diseases, but mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) are increasingly suspected in disease progression, particularly protein misfolding pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose bacteriophages as direct and indirect human pathogens.
  • To explore the interplay between phages, microbiota, and the human host in disease causation.
  • To highlight bacteriophages as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Human metagenome and phagobiota proteome analyses.
  • Studies in relevant animal models.
  • Conceptual framework development.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests bacteriophages may contribute to human pathologies.
  • Proposed mechanisms for direct and indirect interactions of bacteriophages with host cells and proteins.
  • Identified potential causes of bacteriophage infection based on host-phage-microbiota interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Bacteriophages represent a novel class of human pathogens.
  • Understanding phage-host-microbiota dynamics is crucial for disease etiology.
  • Bacteriophages warrant further investigation as targets for diagnostics and therapeutics.