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Secondary Motives: Power Motivation and Achievement Motivation01:27

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Power motivation and achievement motivation are two essential social motives identified by psychologist David McClelland. These motives influence behavior in various personal and professional contexts, shaping how individuals interact with others and pursue their goals.
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Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

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Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
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Motivational Bias01:25

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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The motivational cycle is a key concept that explains how individuals are motivated to meet their needs. At its core, the cycle revolves around four distinct stages: need, drive, goal-directed behavior, and goal achievement. These stages respond to imbalances in the body or mind, prompting actions that restore balance.
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Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
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Related Experiment Video

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Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
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Approach motivation in human cerebral cortex.

Geoffrey Brookshire1,2, Daniel Casasanto3,4,2,5

  • 1Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Handedness influences how the brain processes emotions. Your brain

Keywords:
approach motivationemotionhemispheric specializationsword and shield hypothesistDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Cerebral cortex regions specialize in different emotions, but the underlying principles are unclear.
  • The 'sword and shield hypothesis' proposes individual differences in hemispheric specialization for affective motivation relate to hand use in action.
  • Affective motivation is a fundamental dimension of human emotion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the 'sword and shield hypothesis' regarding hemispheric specialization for affective motivation.
  • To investigate the relationship between handedness and the cortical organization of approach motivation.
  • To determine if motor system organization predicts the cortical representation of abstract concepts.

Main Methods:

  • Measured approach motivation in healthy adults before and after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
  • Applied tDCS to increase excitation in the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  • Recruited participants with a range of handedness, from strongly left-handed to strongly right-handed.

Main Results:

  • Participant handedness strength and direction predicted the effect of frontal cortex stimulation on approach-related emotions.
  • Electrical stimulation to the frontal cortex caused either an increase or decrease in approach-related emotions, depending on handedness.
  • Cortical organization of approach motivation varied across individuals, correlating with their motor system organization.

Conclusions:

  • The large-scale cortical organization of abstract concepts aligns with an individual's hand use for interacting with the world.
  • Neural circuits for motor actions (approach/avoidance) may be repurposed for affective motivation.
  • Individual differences in handedness are linked to the brain's organization of emotional motivation.