Antibody selection using clonal cocultivation of Escherichia coli and eukaryotic cells in miniecosystems

We describe a method for the rapid selection of functional antibodies. The method depends on the cocultivation of Escherichia coli that produce phage with target eukaryotic cells in very small volumes. The antibodies on phage induce selectable phenotypes in the target cells, and the nature of the antibody is determined by gene sequencing of the phage genome. To select functional antibodies from the diverse antibody repertoire, we devised a selection platform that contains millions of picoliter-sized droplet ecosystems. In each miniecosystem, the bacteria produce phage displaying unique members of the antibody repertoire. These phage interact only with eukaryotic cells in the same miniecosystem, making phage available directly for activity-based antibody selection in biological systems.