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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases
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Genome editing by natural and engineered CRISPR-associated nucleases.

Wen Y Wu1, Joyce H G Lebbink2,3, Roland Kanaar2,4

  • 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Nature Chemical Biology
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Recent CRISPR discoveries like Cas12a and Cas13a offer unique genome editing tools beyond Cas9. Understanding their features and practical applications is key for advancing gene editing technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR systems exhibit diverse structures and functions.
  • Novel single-polypeptide CRISPR systems, such as Cas12a/Cpf1 and Cas13a/C2c2, have been recently identified.
  • These systems present unique features distinct from Cas9, expanding genome editing possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare fundamental features of natural and engineered CRISPR-Cas variants.
  • To discuss practical considerations for genome editing applications using these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of CRISPR-Cas system structures and functions.
  • Review of literature on nuclease regulation, delivery, specificity, and host repair.

Main Results:

  • Cas12a/Cpf1 and Cas13a/C2c2 possess unique characteristics compared to Cas9.
  • Key factors for practical genome editing include nuclease regulation, delivery methods, target specificity, and host repair mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Novel CRISPR systems provide expanded opportunities for genome editing.
  • Careful consideration of practical aspects is crucial for successful CRISPR-based gene editing applications.