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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Nanomaterials Science
  • Optoelectronics and Laser Technology
  • Biomedical Engineering and Imaging

Background:

  • Microscale lasers are crucial for miniaturized technologies but face challenges with optical losses and high power requirements.
  • Existing multiphoton-pumped lasers using upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) typically require high pump intensities and pulsed excitation.
  • Lanthanide-doped UCNPs offer potential for miniaturized lasers but have been limited by excitation requirements.

Discussion:

  • This study demonstrates continuous-wave (CW) upconverted lasing in Tm3+-doped UCNPs within microcavities, utilizing an energy-looping excitation mechanism.
  • Achieved CW lasing at significantly reduced excitation fluences (14 kW cm−2), overcoming previous limitations of pulsed excitation.
  • Stable CW lasing was sustained for over 5 hours simultaneously at blue and near-infrared wavelengths by coupling UCNPs to microsphere whispering-gallery modes.

Key Insights:

  • The energy-looping mechanism in Tm3+-doped UCNPs enables efficient CW upconverted lasing at low excitation fluences.
  • Stable, simultaneous multi-wavelength CW lasing is achievable in UCNP-integrated microcavities.
  • Microscale lasers operating in the NIR-II window are compatible with biological environments, demonstrated by lasing in blood serum.

Outlook:

  • These microscale lasers open possibilities for advanced sensing and illumination in complex biological environments, such as in vivo imaging and diagnostics.
  • The ability to achieve CW lasing in biocompatible microcavities facilitates integration into micro-electronic devices and biomedical implants.
  • Further development could lead to novel applications in optical computing, advanced microscopy, and targeted therapies.