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Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
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Development of ossification in the vertical semicircular canals: tomographic study.

Ana Isabel Cisneros1, Marta Herreros2, Jesús Obón2

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral, s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. aicisner@unizar.es.

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Computed tomography revealed the ossification timeline of human semicircular canals. A critical window between 21-26 weeks of fetal development may explain congenital dehiscence.

Keywords:
Computed tomographyOntogenyPosterior semicircular canalSuperior semicircular canal

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Developmental Biology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • The development of the inner ear, specifically the semicircular canals, is crucial for balance and spatial orientation.
  • Understanding the ontogeny of these structures can provide insights into congenital abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the developmental process of vertical semicircular canals using computed tomography.
  • To establish the timing and patterns of ossification in fetal semicircular canals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-helicoidal computed tomography (CT) to examine 39 human fetuses.
  • Fetal ages ranged from 17 to 38 weeks of gestation.

Main Results:

  • Initial ossification signs in superior and posterior semicircular canals observed around 19 weeks, originating from two primary centers.
  • Ossification rates vary, with fully closed canals appearing between 21 and 26 weeks, while others remain open.
  • Formation of outer and inner bone covers involves specific ossification sites and the common crus.

Conclusions:

  • CT imaging identified a critical period in semicircular canal ossification.
  • This developmental window may be key to understanding the etiology of congenital semicircular canal dehiscence.