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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.7K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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An Epigenetic Spin to ALS and FTD.

Mark T W Ebbert1, Rebecca J Lank2, Veronique V Belzil3,4

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Advances in Neurobiology
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic changes may explain mysteries in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), offering potential new therapeutic targets for these incurable neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisEpigenetic modificationsFrontotemporal dementiaMethylationRNA-mediated regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases often occurring together.
  • Despite research, effective treatments remain elusive, and the genetic causes and varied symptoms are not fully understood.
  • Neuronal vulnerability factors in specific brain regions are yet to be identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetics in understanding ALS and FTD.
  • To summarize current knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms in relation to these diseases.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets based on epigenetic modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of basic epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the relationship between epigenetics and ALS/FTD.
  • Discussion of epigenetic findings in patient samples.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications are dynamic and interface between genome and environment.
  • Adaptive epigenetic changes may contribute to unexplained aspects of ALS/FTD.
  • Disease-specific epigenetic changes have been observed in patients.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetics offers a potential framework for understanding ALS and FTD complexities.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms and their alterations are crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into epigenetics is vital for advancing treatment for these devastating diseases.