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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of γH2AX following Ionizing Radiation
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[Stochastic effects of ionizing radiations].

Lorenzo Bordini1, Giuseppe Taino2

  • 1Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinica del Lavoro "L. Devoto", U.O.C. Protezione e Promozione Salute Lavoratori.

Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del Lavoro Ed Ergonomia
|June 20, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding radiation-induced cancer risk is crucial for radioprotection. New occupational studies suggest lung and most hematological cancers, excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia, show significant risk at current exposure levels.

Keywords:
ionizing radiationstochastic effects

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Occupational health

Background:

  • Stochastic effects of ionizing radiation are a key concern in radioprotection.
  • The Life Span Study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors is a primary data source for radiation-induced oncogenic risk.
  • Recent decades have seen increased data from global medical, occupational, and environmental studies, offering diverse exposure models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate radiation-induced oncogenic risk from various exposure models.
  • To compare occupational exposure data with historical LSS data.
  • To identify specific cancer types affected by current occupational radiation exposure levels.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of follow-up data from atomic bomb survivors (LSS).
  • Integration of data from global medical, occupational, and environmental radiation exposure studies.
  • Statistical analysis of cancer incidence in relation to radiation dose (ERR/Gy) in occupational settings.

Main Results:

  • Occupational studies provide data relevant to contemporary employment exposure contexts.
  • Significant excess relative risk per gray (ERR/Gy) at current occupational exposure levels is observed for lung cancer.
  • Significant ERR/Gy is also observed for all hematological neoplasms, with the notable exception of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Conclusions:

  • Current occupational radiation exposure levels are associated with increased risks for specific cancers.
  • Lung cancer and most hematological malignancies (excluding CLL) are identified as significant risks.
  • Findings underscore the importance of continued radioprotection measures in occupational settings.