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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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Control measurements for lasers in physiotherapy.

Rosanna Bivona1, Alessandra Tomaselli1, Francesco Frigerio2

  • 1Environmental Research Centre - ICS Maugeri- Pavia, Italy.

Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del Lavoro Ed Ergonomia
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Near-infrared laser therapy in physical rehabilitation uses low-fluence irradiation for bio-stimulation, not just tissue heating. Safety assessments revealed discrepancies between declared and actual laser output, necessitating updated measurement protocols for effective and safe therapeutic use.

Keywords:
Zebrisinfra-redlaser therapysafety

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Laser Physics
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Near-infrared laser irradiation below 140 J/cm² in physical rehabilitation aims for bio-stimulation via mitochondrial absorption.
  • This therapeutic effect relies on specific radiation absorption rather than simple tissue heating.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the actual radiation output and user safety of six laser therapy devices from five manufacturers.
  • To identify discrepancies between manufacturer-declared specifications and measured performance, particularly concerning safety classifications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of six laser therapy devices, assessing actual radiation output and user safety.
  • Comparison of measured values against manufacturer specifications and international safety standards (IEC 60825-1).
  • Investigation of pulsed laser characteristics to prevent thermal damage.

Main Results:

  • Actual accessible energy levels in tested devices complied with risk class 3B.
  • Discrepancies were found between declared and measured radiation output for several devices.
  • The study discusses the impact of the IEC 60825-1 (2014) standard, including potential class 1C classification for pulsed lasers.

Conclusions:

  • Current laser therapy devices may not consistently meet declared safety and performance standards.
  • An extended set of measurement protocols is proposed to ensure the effective and safe application of lasers in physical therapy.
  • Updated safety assessments are crucial given evolving international standards for laser devices.