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Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation
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Development of Endocyclic Control Elements for Peptide Macrocycles.

Solomon D Appavoo1, Takuya Kaji1, John R Frost1

  • 1Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel method to stabilize cyclic peptide conformations using a reduced amide bond/heterocycle (RAH) motif. This approach led to the discovery of a new molecule that targets α4β7 integrin.

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Controlling macrocycle conformation is crucial for discovering bioactive molecules.
  • Incorporating heterocycles into cyclic peptides can stabilize their conformations.
  • Developing methods for conformation control addresses challenges in molecular design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize peptide macrocycles with an oxadiazole ring and endocyclic amine using N-(isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane (Pinc).
  • To investigate the conformational effects of the novel reduced amide bond/heterocycle (RAH) motif in cyclic peptides.
  • To explore the utility of the RAH motif in mimicking biological structures and discovering new drug candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of peptide macrocycles incorporating an oxadiazole ring.
  • Variable temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis.
  • Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE)-based molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Conformational analysis in both aqueous and DMSO solutions.

Main Results:

  • The reduced amide bond/heterocycle (RAH) motif was successfully installed into peptide macrocycles.
  • The RAH motif demonstrated the ability to stabilize macrocycle conformations in both water and DMSO.
  • Solution structures confirmed the conformational stabilizing effect of the RAH motif.
  • The conformational effect of the RAH was leveraged to mimic the secondary structure of MAdCAM-1.

Conclusions:

  • The RAH motif provides a valuable strategy for stabilizing macrocycle conformations in solution.
  • This stabilization addresses a key challenge in molecular design for bioactive molecules.
  • The study resulted in the discovery of a novel α4β7 integrin antagonist by mimicking a biologically relevant secondary structure.