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Related Concept Videos

Long Division of Polynomials01:26

Long Division of Polynomials

379
Polynomial division is an essential algebraic process to simplify expressions and solve equations. Just as numerical division separates a number into quotient and remainder, polynomial long division partitions a polynomial into simpler components; in this context, the dividend is the polynomial being divided, the divisor is the expression dividing it, and the result is expressed in terms of a quotient and a remainder.The division begins by arranging the dividend and divisor in standard...
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

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A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

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The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...
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Sympathetic Division of the ANS01:19

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
Originating in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division exit the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans. They then enter the...
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Plant-Microbe Interaction: Transcriptional Response of Bacillus Mycoides to Potato Root Exudates
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Division of Labor: How Microbes Split Their Responsibility.

Babak Momeni1

  • 1Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Individual cells within a biofilm may specialize in specific tasks. A new study explores how genetic or phenotypic division of labor might enable matrix production for biofilm formation.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biofilms are complex microbial communities.
  • Individual cells within biofilms may exhibit specialized functions.
  • Matrix production is crucial for biofilm structure and survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the concept of division of labor in biofilm formation.
  • To explore potential genetic or phenotypic mechanisms underlying task specialization in matrix production.

Main Methods:

  • The study examined matrix production within a biofilm.
  • Analysis focused on potential genetic and phenotypic specializations of individual cells.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a division of labor among cells in matrix production.

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  • Possible genetic or phenotypic mechanisms driving this specialization were identified.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cellular specialization, or division of labor, may be a key strategy for successful biofilm formation.
    • Understanding these mechanisms can offer insights into biofilm control and development.