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Swallow-breathing coordination during incremental ascent to altitude.

Alyssa Huff1, Trevor A Day2, Mason English3

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|June 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

High altitude exposure alters swallowing patterns and coordination with breathing. These changes, driven by hypoxia and hypocapnia, likely enhance airway protection during swallowing.

Keywords:
AirflowAirway protectionApnea durationElectromyogramsHigh altitude ascentSwallow coordination

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Altitude Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Swallowing and breathing are coordinated actions sharing neural and anatomical pathways.
  • High altitude exposure causes hypoxia and hypocapnia, affecting respiratory drive.
  • The impact of altitude on swallowing coordination remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of incremental high altitude ascent on swallow motor patterns.
  • To examine alterations in swallow-breathing coordination during high altitude exposure.
  • To understand adaptive changes in swallowing under hypoxic and hypocapnic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Seven healthy adults underwent incremental ascent to 1045m, 3440m, and 4371m.
  • Submental surface electromyograms (sEMG) and spirometry measured swallows triggered by saliva and water.
  • Swallow-breathing phase preference and swallow motor patterns were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Swallow-breathing phase preference differed between saliva and water-triggered swallows.
  • Saliva swallows increasingly occurred during inspiration-to-expiration transition with altitude.
  • Water swallows showed reduced submental sEMG duration and earlier activity onset at high altitude.

Conclusions:

  • Incremental high altitude ascent alters swallow-breathing coordination and swallow production.
  • These adaptive changes likely enhance airway protection in hypoxic/hypocapnic environments.
  • Hypoxia, hypocapnia, and airway irritation are probable triggers for observed swallow adaptations.