Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

18.7K
Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
18.7K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

10.0K
In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
10.0K
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

7.7K
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
7.7K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.5K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.5K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

157.0K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
157.0K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tellurium-118 as a novel radionuclide for long-term positron emission tomography.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Estimation of absorbed doses in computational mouse and human phantoms receiving<sup>229</sup>Th-derived free<sup>225</sup>Ac.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same author

Nanopore direct RNA sequencing reveals METTL2A-mediated m<sup>3</sup>C sites in poly(A) RNA.

Genome research·2025
Same author

Theoretical optimal232Th target thicknesses for225Ac production at proton energies of 70-200 MeV.

Physics in medicine and biology·2025
Same author

Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP) regulates glycolytic gene expression under chronic hypoxia in HCT116 cells.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

The MTR4/hnRNPK complex surveils aberrant polyadenylated RNAs with multiple exons.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
13:04

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR

Published on: March 1, 2019

9.3K

Micropeptides Encoded in Transcripts Previously Identified as Long Noncoding RNAs: A New Chapter in Transcriptomics

Fouzia Yeasmin1, Tetsushi Yada2, Nobuyoshi Akimitsu1

  • 1Isotope Science Centre, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Frontiers in Genetics
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Short open reading frames (sORFs) produce micropeptides previously missed by research. These small proteins, encoded by sORFs, play vital roles in cellular functions and disease.

Keywords:
TUFslncRNAsmicropeptidessORFstranslation

More Related Videos

Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum
06:44

Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum

Published on: June 19, 2014

18.6K
Bottom-up and Shotgun Proteomics to Identify a Comprehensive Cochlear Proteome
14:23

Bottom-up and Shotgun Proteomics to Identify a Comprehensive Cochlear Proteome

Published on: March 7, 2014

19.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
13:04

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR

Published on: March 1, 2019

9.3K
Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum
06:44

Isolation of Small Noncoding RNAs from Human Serum

Published on: June 19, 2014

18.6K
Bottom-up and Shotgun Proteomics to Identify a Comprehensive Cochlear Proteome
14:23

Bottom-up and Shotgun Proteomics to Identify a Comprehensive Cochlear Proteome

Published on: March 7, 2014

19.1K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Proteomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Omics technologies reveal numerous short open reading frames (sORFs) within long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and transcripts of unknown function (TUFs).
  • sORFs were historically overlooked due to their small size and challenges in bioinformatics identification.
  • Emerging evidence supports the existence and functionality of micropeptides encoded by sORFs across various species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of micropeptides encoded by sORFs.
  • To highlight the significance of sORFs in biological processes and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Integrative omics-based analyses for sORF identification.
  • Bioinformatic approaches to detect small protein-coding regions.
  • Literature review of recent characterizations of micropeptides.

Main Results:

  • Identification of a substantial number of putative sORFs with protein-coding potential.
  • Demonstration of diverse biological roles for characterized micropeptides.
  • Association of some micropeptides with pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • sORFs represent a largely untapped source of novel protein-coding information.
  • Micropeptides encoded by sORFs are crucial for fundamental biological processes.
  • Further exploration of sORF-encoded proteins is warranted for understanding cellular functions and disease mechanisms.