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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing
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The Effect of Axial Loading on Ulnar Variance.

Kagan Ozer1, Andy F Zhu1, Breana Siljander2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Journal of Wrist Surgery
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Increased ulnar variance under axial loading may indicate wrist instability. A change exceeding 1mm suggests triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) pathology or longitudinal instability in patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain.

Keywords:
TFCCaxial loadingimpingementulnar varianceulnocarpal abutment

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Forearm rotation alters ulnar variance, a critical factor in wrist function.
  • Daily activities necessitate axial wrist loading, yet its effect on ulnar variance is unstudied.
  • Understanding ulnar variance changes under load is key for diagnosing wrist pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify changes in ulnar variance during axial wrist loading.
  • To correlate these changes with wrist pain and intra-articular pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Compared neutral and axially loaded (18.1 kgf) wrist radiographs in 21 asymptomatic individuals and 24 patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain.
  • Utilized magnetic resonance (MR) arthrograms for symptomatic wrists.
  • Analyzed the correlation between ulnar variance change, MR findings, and physical examination.

Main Results:

  • Asymptomatic individuals showed a mean ulnar variance increase of 0.4 mm under axial load.
  • Patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain exhibited a greater average increase of 0.8 mm.
  • An increase >1 mm in ulnar variance correlated significantly with ligament disruption, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) perforation, and foveal detachment.

Conclusions:

  • A >1 mm increase in ulnar variance under axial loading is indicative of longitudinal instability.
  • This significant change suggests potential triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) pathology.
  • Findings aid in diagnosing the source of ulnar-sided wrist pain.