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Related Concept Videos

Air-entraining Agents01:27

Air-entraining Agents

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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete01:28

Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete

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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
The pressure method,...
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Lung Capacity01:47

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume03:43

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The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT,  suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas and the number of moles in a given volume of gas vary with changes in pressure and temperature. At standard temperature and pressure, or STP (273.15 K and 1 atm), one mole of an ideal gas (regardless of its identity) has a volume of about 22.4 L — this is referred to as the standard molar volume.
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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Related Experiment Video

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Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing
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Misled by the Air: Pneumocephalus.

Koin Lon Shum1, Yuyang Tan1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital.

Cureus
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pneumocephalus, or intracranial air, can indicate meningeal breaches or infections. This case highlights that when clinical signs like hemiparesis are present, another diagnosis beyond pneumocephalus should be urgently sought.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Pneumocephalus, defined as air within the cranial cavity, typically arises from meningeal defects or gas-producing intracranial infections.
  • While trauma and cranial surgery are the most frequent causes, other etiologies include neoplasms and infections.
  • The presence of intracranial air often necessitates a thorough diagnostic evaluation to identify the underlying cause.

Observation:

  • An 87-year-old male presented with drowsiness and new-onset right-sided hemiparesis.
  • Computed tomography (CT) revealed pneumocephalus with air in the dural venous sinuses.
  • A concurrent facial bone CT identified a minimally displaced fracture of the right maxillary sinus lateral wall.

Findings:

  • The patient had an acute left middle cerebral artery territory infarct with hemorrhagic conversion.
Keywords:
airpneumocephalusskullstroke

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  • Despite medical management, the patient's condition deteriorated, leading to demise one month post-presentation.
  • Pneumocephalus was an incidental finding, not explaining the patient's severe neurological deficits.

    • Implications:

    • This case underscores that pneumocephalus, even with associated trauma, may not be the primary cause of acute neurological deficits.
    • Failure to identify an alternative diagnosis, such as stroke in this instance, can lead to delayed or inappropriate management.
    • Prompt and comprehensive diagnostic workup is crucial when clinical presentation is incongruent with the imaging finding of pneumocephalus.